15:30   New Roles III
Chair: Fred Hobma
15:30
20 mins 		CHANGING ROLES OF ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS AND BUILDERS THROUGH BIM APPLICATION IN HEALTHCARE BUILDING PROJECTS IN THE NETHERLANDS
Rizal Sebastian
Abstract: The healthcare sector in the Netherlands is undergoing a significant change due to the new policy to increase the service and cost competitiveness. Much attention is given to the real estate, which contribute to the major expenditure of healthcare institutions. Healthcare building projects are very complex due to complicated functional and technical requirements, decision-makings involving a large number of stakeholders, and a long-term development process. Therefore, an integrated approach to design, construct and maintain sustainable buildings has become a necessity. In such approach, communication of information among different stakeholders becomes critical as each stakeholder possesses different set of skills. In this context, Building Information Model (BIM) is important to support the collaboration between many different disciplines working with an integrated approach. A number of BIM pilot projects in the healthcare sector are being carried out. However, there are still knowledge gaps in the application of BIM. Its use as an ICT tool for collaboration is still limited and not fully explored. These ICT difficulties are closely linked with the difficulties of changing the way to organise building actors and processes to achieve the optimal benefit of BIM. The most notable aspect is the changing roles of architects, engineers and builders. These actors need to adapt to the reconfigured order of activities as they are asked to contribute to the design process rather simultaneously. They are also confronted with the amended tasks division as a new role (i.e. model manager) is introduced. Refer to literature and previous research, this paper discusses the reasoning and approach of the changing roles of the building actors due to new collaborative processes and the use of BIM. It then presents some results of the observation of ongoing hospital building projects in the Netherlands where BIM is used. It analyses the discrepancies between the theoretical knowledge and the current practice of multidisciplinary collaboration with BIM support. Finally, recommendations are given on further applied research.
15:50
20 mins 		PERFORM ABILITY IN A PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
David de Rooij, Ben Kuipers
Abstract: The construction sector in The Netherlands is changing. This also applies to the public infrastructural works. More often public parties draw back in the process from plan raising to realization, using the verb: ’The market, unless…’. This tendency results in a gap between plan raising and realization and in a displacement of responsibilities and opportunities for private parties in terms of their business positions. In these changing roles parties, with the principles in the frontline, are seeking for new initiatives in relation to organizing construction. One of those initiatives can be found in public private partnerships. In this paper I would like to focus on one of those partnerships, namely constructing by means of an alliance. Much is written about alliances, mostly from a legal point of view or from experiences in different sectors. For the Dutch department of public works, the largest public client for road infrastructure in The Netherlands, working in an alliance is, just like private parties, a new experience. For this reason several parties, stake- or shareholders as well as independent parties, are observing the development of project 'A2 Hooggelegen', the first cooperation by means of alliance. These parties mainly are interested in the results in terms of time, money and not at least in the collaborative capacity. Collaboration in the construction industry requires a different mindset, namely with a focus on trust instead of control. Memorizing the fraud enquiry in 2002 this is quite an exciting challenge. Project 'A2 Hooggelegen' spends a lot of time on measuring and analyzing the processes in the collaboration. One of those measures concerns half annually performance measures. For these measures a model is employed which has been developed by Kuipers (2005). In this model three elements roughly can be distinguished, namely responsibilities, responsiveness and results. The strength of this model is, that not only the starting point is measured (such as contract and quality system), but also the responsiveness of the organization in terms of job management, joint management and boundary management. Finally the results are measured focusing on the performance on the one hand and the job satisfaction on the other hand. Input for above mentioned measures is an internet survey concerning the complete organization, including stake- (road users) and shareholders. These measures carry a treasure of valuable information on one of the distinguishing aspects of partnering, namely collaborative capacity. In this thesis the results of these measures (data) are analyzed in order to conduct some conclusions on the added value (effectiveness, efficiency, spin off) and critical success elements of partnering through alliances.
16:10
20 mins 		ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN QUALITY: THE PRACTITIONERS’ PERSPECTIVE - AN AHP BASED APPROACH FOR ASSESSMENT
Timuçin Harputlugil, A. Tanju Gültekin, Y.İlker Topçu
Abstract: It is obvious that, as long as the complexity of design of contemporary buildings arise, design of the design systems in integrated design teams will play an essential role for increasing design quality. During the current flow of design practice the content of quality determines the performance of the final design. However quality as a concept vary according to each design team members based on their profession, despite the fact that the quality of whole building will be achieved by agreement of design team members on a common definition of the concept. Thus investigating the state of the art process of design may assist to reveal practitioners attitude on design from quality point of view. This paper reports on research that aims to develop a new methodology to assess architectural design quality for integrated design teams and its improvement via building contracts. The work is built on an earlier study, presented at the Fifth International Conference on Construction in the 21st Century (CITC-V) Collaboration and Integration in Engineering, Management and Technology Conference in İstanbul in 2009, which constructed the main frame work of theoretical methodology. As a methodology, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used which is one of the frequently referred methodologies developed in order to support multi criteria decision making processes. AHP is a powerful and understandable methodology that allows groups or individuals to combine qualitative and quantitative factors in decision making process. AHP structures a decision problem into levels forming a hierarchy. The paper introduces the practitioners understanding of the term “architectural design quality” in design and how it is involved in their design decisions using an AHP (analytic hierarchy process) based model. There are several interviews conducted with a group of 6 Turkish leading architectural design practitioners mostly designing health care facilities which is chosen as base case. To assess architectural design quality, under the guidance of AHP based model, the software tool was used for evaluation.
16:30
20 mins 		FRAMING FRAGMENTATION - THE ARCHITECT AS A MASTER OF MONTAGE
Charlotte Bundgaard
Abstract: Contemporary industrialized architecture based on advanced information technology and highly technological production processes, implies a radically different approach to architecture than what we have experienced in the past. Works of architecture composed of prefabricated building components, contain distinctive architectural traits, not only based on rational repetition, but also supporting composition and montage as dynamic concepts. Prefab architecture is an architecture of fragmentation, individualization and changeability, and this sets up new challenges for the architect. This paper tries to develop a strategy for the architect dealing with industrially based architecture; a strategy which exploits architectural potentials in industrial building, which recognizes the rules of mass production and which redefines the architect’s position among the agents of building. If recent developments within the construction sector imply a marginalized role for the architect, this strategy suggests a strong repositioning. In Danish building practice the construction industry is increasingly organized within terms like ”systemized prefab delivery” and ”digital building”. The building is divided into separate parts or systems: skeleton, skin, services, internal cladding, etc. Each building part/system is being conceived, produced, delivered and maintained by different construction companies. Basically the building is being fragmented into separate parts living their separate lives. The architect has to deal with the fact that he or she no longer designs every single part and detail, but to a greater extend acts as a composer or director dealing with composition of prefabricated parts – working as a master of montage. The strategy unfolded in this paper suggests the concept of layers as being a means to create architectural meaning and give character to an architecture of fragmentation. Layers are both seen as conceptual as well as material frames which define certain strong properties or meanings in the architectural work. Defining layers is a way of separating and organizing; it both defines and liberates.
16:50
20 mins 		RENEWED AND NEW EMERGING ROLES IN CONSTRUCTION
Mieke Oostra
Abstract: There is a fundamental change in the making in construction. We come from a situation in which building companies are strongly orientated to the realisation of projects. The common basis of these projects is: the client asks for something, which the contractor, with the help of other companies, will realise. As society we constantly strive to improve products and services in construction. The market on the other hand looks for ways to realise healthy profit margins that makes entrepreneuring in construction appealing. This is causing a change of focus towards value adding on a life cycle basis. This new paradigm will bring an entirely new way of doing business. Building long term relationships with clients will become the norm, which will mean that the entire life cycle will need attention. To be able to respond to these complex assignments contractors, suppliers and subcontractors will need to form integrated value chains. These integrated chains will make it possible to innovate and set ambitious goals in order to realise high quality and sustainable buildings with additional services. The shift towards a new paradigm in construction will put the creation of value, in the eyes of the client, central in the formulation of new business models. Central question is: how to create value? In principle this question evokes an ongoing circle which starts and ends with knowledge of every aspect relevant for value creation. Building and services have to be developed that fit the required business proposition. New business models mean a new way of organising work in the construction industry. This raises the question how to formulate new roles and goals. The new business models will automatically affect the roles common parties in the construction sector can have and will have. New parties can be expected to emerge in construction as well. There is an opportunity for existing parties to extend their role with tasks that used to be performed by other existing parties (forward and back ward integration). New business models will also lead to new roles. On the other hand parties may wish to limit their existing role. This paper will evaluate the new roles in construction emerging in the Dutch PSIBouw programme.
17:10
20 mins 		KNOWLEDGE BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE BASED ON BPM FOR IMPROVING USE OF KMS
Minsuk Oh, Yoonki Choi
Abstract: Information & Knowledge management is getting stressed in construction industry because construction projects are becoming bigger and more complex. Current KMS (Knowledge Management System) in large construction companies categorizes data type with concept based on technical business from project viewpoint. However, the practical using rate of KMS is not high because it doesn’t reflect business process, and its target is not clearly defined. And also it doesn’t define the subject of knowledge collecting, processing, and producing. The purpose of this study is to propose knowledge breakdown structure for providing knowledge management system based on business process to construction companies. This study analyzed business process of construction companies to check current status, and proposed BPM (Business Process Management) which manages business process. It is expected to increase efficiency of information management in construction management. And it also expected that practical utilization improvement by using KMS based on BPM that has the concept of supporting “who, when, what” in business process management.